Twelve Olympians
In the ancient Greek religion and Greek mythology, the Twelve
Olympians are the major deities of the Greek pantheon, commonly considered to be Zeus, Hera, Poseidon, Demeter, Athena, Apollo, Artemis, Ares, Aphrodite, Hephaestus, Hermes, and either Hestia or Dionysus.[1] Hades and Persephone were sometimes
included as part of the twelve Olympians (primarily due to the influence of the Eleusinian Mysteries), although in general Hades was excluded, because
he resided permanently in the underworld and never
visited Olympus.
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Greek name
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Roman name
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Functions and attributes
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King of the gods and ruler of Mount Olympus; god of the sky, lightning, thunder, law,
order, justice. Youngest child of the Titans Cronus and Rhea. Symbols include
the thunderbolt, eagle, oak tree, scepter, and scales. Brother and husband of
Hera, although he had many lovers, also brother of Poseidon, Hades, Demeter,
and Hestia.
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Queen of the gods and the goddess of marriage and family.
Symbols include the peacock, cuckoo, and cow. Youngest daughter of Cronus and
Rhea. Wife and sister of Zeus. Being the goddess of marriage, she frequently
tried to get revenge on Zeus' lovers and their children.
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God of the seas, earthquakes, and tidal wave. Symbols
include the horse, bull, dolphin, and trident. Middle son of Cronus and Rhea.
Brother of Zeus and Hades. Married to the Nereid Amphitrite, although, like most male Greek Gods, he had
many lovers.
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Goddess of fertility, agriculture, nature, and the
seasons. Symbols include the poppy, wheat, torch, cornucopia, and pig. Middle
daughter of Cronus and Rhea.
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Apollo
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God of light, prophecy, inspiration, poetry, music and
arts, medicine and healing. Son of Zeus and Leto. Symbols include the sun,
lyre, swan, and mouse. Twin brother of Artemis.
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Goddess of the hunt, virginity, archery, the moon, and
all animals. Symbols include the moon, deer, hound, she-bear, snake, cypress
tree, and bow and arrow. Daughter of Zeus and Leto and twin sister of Apollo.
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God of war, violence, and bloodshed. Symbols include the
boar, serpent, dog, vulture, spear, and shield. Son of Zeus and Hera, all the
other gods despised him. His Latin name, Mars, gave us the word "martial."
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Goddess of love, beauty, and desire. Symbols include the
dove, bird, apple, bee, swan, myrtle, and rose. Daughter of Zeus and the Oceanid
Dione, or perhaps born from the sea foam after Uranus' semen dripped into the sea after being
castrated by his youngest son, Cronus, who then threw his father's genitals into the
sea. Married to Hephaestus, although she had many adulterous affairs, most
notably with Ares. Her name gave us the word "aphrodisiac", while her Latin name, Venus, gave us the
word "venereal".
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Master blacksmith and craftsman of the gods; god of fire
and the forge. Symbols include fire, anvil, axe, donkey, hammer, tongs, and
quail. Son of Hera, either by Zeus or alone. Married to Aphrodite, though
unlike most divine husbands, he was rarely ever licentious. His Latin name,
Vulcan, gave us the word "volcano."
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Messenger of the gods; god of commerce, communication,
borders, eloquence, diplomacy, thieves and games. Symbols include the caduceus (staff
entwined with two snakes), winged sandals and cap, stork, and tortoise (whose
shell he used to invent the lyre). Son of Zeus and the nymph Maia. The
second-youngest Olympian, just older than Dionysus.
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Goddess of the hearth and of the right ordering of
domesticity and the family; she was born into the first Olympian generation
and was one of the original twelve Olympians. Some lists of the Twelve
Olympians omit her in favor of Dionysus, but the speculation that she gave
her throne to him in order to keep the peace seems to be modern invention.
She is the first child of Cronus and Rhea, eldest sister of Hades, Demeter,
Poseidon, Hera, and Zeus.
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God of wine, celebrations, and ecstasy. Patron god of the
art of theatre. Symbols include the grapevine, ivy, cup,
tiger, panther, leopard, dolphin, goat, and pinecone. Son of Zeus and the
mortal Theban princess Semele. Married to the Cretan princess Ariadne. The youngest Olympian god, as well as the only
one to have a mortal mother.
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Homer:
(Ancient Greek: Ὅμηρος [hómɛːros], Hómēros) is the name ascribed by the Ancient Greeks to the
semi-legendary author of the two epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey, the central works of Greek literature. Many accounts of Homer's life circulated in classical antiquity, the most widespread being that he was a blind
bard from Ionia, a region of central coastal Anatolia in present-day Turkey. The modern scholarly consensus is that these traditions do
not have any historical value.
The Iliad:
(/ˈɪliəd/;[1] Ancient Greek: Ἰλιάς Ilias, pronounced [iː.li.ás] in Classical Attic; sometimes referred to as the Song of Ilion or Song
of Ilium) is an ancient Greek epic poem in dactylic hexameter,
traditionally attributed to Homer.
Set during the Trojan War, the ten-year siege of the city of Troy (Ilium) by a coalition of Greek
states, it tells of the battles and events during the weeks of a quarrel between
King Agamemnon and
the warrior Achilles.
Although the story covers only a few weeks in the final year of
the war, the Iliad mentions or alludes to many of the
Greek legends about the siege; the earlier events, such as the gathering of warriors for
the siege, the cause of the war,
and related concerns tend to appear near the beginning. Then the epic narrative
takes up events prophesied for the future, such as Achilles' looming death and
the sack of Troy, although the narrative ends before these events take place.
However, as these events are prefigured and alluded to more and more vividly,
when it reaches an end the poem has told a more or less complete tale of the
Trojan War.
The Iliad is paired with something of a sequel, the Odyssey, also attributed to Homer. Along
with the Odyssey, the Iliad is among the oldest extant works of Western literature,
and its written version is usually dated to around the 8th century BC.[2] Recent statistical modelling based on
language evolution gives a date of 760–710 BC.[3] In the modern vulgate (the standard
accepted version), the Iliad contains 15,693 lines; it is written
in Homeric Greek, a literary amalgam of Ionic Greek and
other dialects.
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